di dec 22, 2015 2:29 pm
At its best, the drug ketamine relieves depression within two hours and its beneficial effect on patients may last a week. At its worst, ketamine, the party drug "Special K," is addictive and may send recreational users into hallucinations and delusions. Some have experienced disorientation that they call the "K-hole."
Because of the potential for misuse and addiction, explained researcher Daniel Lodge, PhD, of The University of Texas (UT) Health Science Center at San Antonio, "You have a novel, highly effective treatment for depression, but you can't give it to people to take at home or on a routine basis."
Antidepressants usually take at least two weeks to show any effect in the patients they help, and not all patients benefit. If a drug were fast-acting and provided sustained relief from depression, the risk of suicide among patients would be reduced.
The problem with ketamine is that the drug acts on receptors located throughout the brain, making it difficult to control its effects.
Finding an answer
Using state-of-the-art research techniques in rats, Lodge and colleagues from the Health Science Center's Department of Pharmacology identified a brain circuit that brings about the beneficial effects of ketamine. The circuit sends signals between the hippocampus and the prefrontal cortex. The researchers found that activating the circuit in rats causes antidepressant-like effects similar to those caused by ketamine, whereas preventing activation of the circuit eliminates the antidepressant-like effects of ketamine.
"The idea is, if one part of the brain contributes to the beneficial effects of ketamine, and another part contributes to its abuse and effects such as hallucinations, now we can come up with medications to target the good part and not the bad," said Flavia R Carreno, PhD, lead author of the study.
Identifying this mechanism now gives scientists a target, Lodge explained. "The next step is finding a drug that interacts selectively with it. And we have some ideas how to do that."
Note: Material may have been edited for length and content. For further information, please contact the cited source.
The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio
Publication
Carreno FR et al. Activation of a ventral hippocampus–medial prefrontal cortex pathway is both necessary and sufficient for an antidepressant response to ketamine. Molecular Psychiatry, Published December 1 2015. doi: 10.1038/mp.2015.176
di dec 22, 2015 2:54 pm
di dec 22, 2015 4:51 pm
di dec 22, 2015 6:46 pm
do dec 24, 2015 11:12 pm
- Ketamine and norketamine plasma concentrations after i.v., nasal and rectal administration in children (British Journal of Anaesthesia, 1996)The amount of ketamine which reached the systemic circulation was reduced with the non-i.v.
routes. The bioavailability of ketamine in the absence of a first-pass hepatic effect (= first-pass metabolism middels lever), as observed via the nasal route, was approximately twice that observed via the rectal route.
[...]
After rectal administration, ketamine absorption was delayed and interindividual variations were large. Despite the fact that every child in this group received a rectal enema before induction of anaesthesia, rectal evacuation was never certain, and the differences in rectal pH values of children [24] might modify drug absorption. As described previously [4], norketamine generation was rapid in this group, because of first-pass metabolism. These early high plasma norketamine concentrations may participate in the anaesthetic action of ketamine in this situation, and partly compensate for low bioavailability. This low bioavailability is similar to that described after oral administration of ketamine [9].
vr dec 25, 2015 12:02 am
vr dec 25, 2015 2:20 am
vr dec 25, 2015 6:47 pm
vr dec 25, 2015 9:57 pm
za dec 26, 2015 1:43 pm
[Claviceps schreef:Zodanig heb ik dus geleerd gepast te doseren in combinatie met Ketamine. Het voordeel van een kleine dosis benzo is tevens dat het ook de donkere kanten van Ketamine kan verlichten. Voordat ik deze combinatie probeerde heb ik ook wel momenten gehad midden in de Ketamine trips dat ik erg zelf destructief richting mijzelf werd om compleet onzinnige redenen.
di dec 29, 2015 2:55 pm
- WHO, Ketamine Critical ReviewEmergence phenomena in patients awakening from a ketamine narcosis have been described following early clinical experience, and included hallucinations, vivid dreams, floating sensations and delirium. These symptoms were found to be reduced by concurrent use of benzodiazepines, putting the patient in a low stimulus environment and by providing information on the possible emergence reactions preoperatively.
There may be several reasons why these findings in rats have not led to the abandonment of the clinical use of ketamine. First, ketamine is generally accepted as a safe anaesthetic without long-term adverse effects (Shorn and Whitwam, 1980; Reich and Silvay, 1989). Therefore, the preclinical data are considered of limited clinical relevance. Secondly, benzodiazepines are usually co-administered with ketamine to reduce the occurrence of emergence phenomena (for a description, see below Human, Clinical experience). Benzodiazepines have been shown in rats to protect against the ketamine-induced neurotoxicity.
Contrarily, there may be reasons why the findings on the neurotoxicity of ketamine in the rat may be of concern to recreational users of ketamine. First, drug users will not take ketamine in combination with protective agents like benzodiazepines. Moreover, compounds increasing the neurotoxic potency of ketamine might be co-administered. Secondly, recreational use implies repeated exposure, whereas clinical use is mostly incidental.