Op basis van onderzoeken (bv vanuit het NIN
http://www.nin.knaw.nl ) is het aangetoond dat Cannabis een negatieve invloed heeft op de ontwikkeling van het brein van adolescenten. De ontwikkeling van de hersens is pas rond het 21 tot 23 levensjaar klaar dus op basis van die gegevens zou ik zeggen tot die tijd niet gebruiken of beperken. (zie b.v. boek van D. Swaab, wij zijn ons Brein)
Over XTC en de uitwerkingen op het brein gaan veel verhalen in het rond met wisselende uitkomsten. Ik onderschrijf wat men hierboven schreef om XTC gebruik te beperken tot max 1 x per 3 maanden en de aanbevolen dosis van 2 mg per kg lichaamsgewicht niet te overschrijden.
Paddo. Ik weet niet van gedegen wetenschappelijk onderzoek waarbij gekeken is naar Psilocin (4-OH-DMT) en haar effecten op het brein van adolescenten.
Vanuit cultureel historische context, in veel culturen gaf en geeft men tieners bij riten zogenaamde paddo's (incl. vliegenzwam bij o.a. Siberische culturen zoals de de Koryak en de Chukchi) en voor zover waargenomen door o.a. antropologen lijkt er geen merkbare invloed van paddo's op de ontwikkeling van het brein te zijn.
Naar Ayahuasca (NN DMT) gebruik en adolescenten is wel onderzoek gedaan.
Voor zover de gegevens kloppen en mits gebruikt in de ceremoniele contex zonder addiditioneel drugsgebruik lijkt Ayahuasca een gunstige invloed op adolscenten te hebben en mogelijk dus ook op hun ontwikkeling van het brein.
(slag om de arm... er is voor bovenstaande aanname geen keihard bewijs... echter.... lees onderstaande secties uit de rapporten of download het hele verhaal)
Ayahuasca in Adolescence: Qualitative Results:
PDF (eng) hier: http://www.neip.info/downloads/adoles_u ... 0PM372.pdfCONCLUSION
Overall, there appear to be few if any differences in
responses between the UDV teens and the controls. How-
ever, the UDV group seems to be more responsible,
respectful, and concerned about the welfare of others. They
also tend to be less confrontational. There also appears to
be a better quality of home life among the UDV teens when
compared to their counterparts. The UDV teens tended to
have closer relationships with their fathers when compared
to controls. They also exhibit greater optimism than con-
trols. They do not differ significantly with regard to virginity
or drug use (other than ayahuasca used sacramentally).
We might expect that given the destructive conse-
quences of youthful drug use in contemporary society, that
the UDV teens would lag far behind their peers in a num-
ber of different dimensions of sociability, honesty,
studiousness, etc. In fact, it would be easy to assume at the
outset of such a study as this that the UDV teens and the
controls would differ in some significant fashion. In this
sense, the qualitative data is quite revealing in that the teens
appear to be healthy, thoughtful, considerate, and bonded
to their families and religious peers.
An overview of the literature on the
pharmacology and neuropsychiatric
long term effects of ayahuascaPDF (Eng)
http://www.google.nl/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=& ... PAHrLkyLtANeuropsychiatric long term effects of ayahuasca
Since personality and neuropsychological function are to a great extent
regulated by the prefrontal cortex, the study of personality,
psychopathological status and neuropsychological functions in long term
ayahuasca users is essential to ascertain whether regular ayahuasca use has
some impact on mental health.
A few studies have been conducted assessing the consequences of regular
ayahuasca use in the long term. The data available is limited and would need
replication in larger samples. One preliminary study led by Charles Grob
assessed personality and neuropsychological function using the TPQ
(Tridimensional Personality Questionnaire) and the WHO-UCLA Auditory
Verbal Learning Test. The questionnaires were administered to a sample of
15 regular users with more than 10 years of experience with ayahuasca and to
a comparison group of 15 non-users. No personality alterations or
neuropsychological deficits were found in the ayahuasca-using subjects,
though there were personality differences between groups, which the authors
did not interpret as pathological. No information was given as to whether the
scores fell within the normal range according to normative data[2]. A typical
problem with this kind of studies lies in the interpretation of results. It is
difficult to establish whether the scores obtained with the TPQ reflect the
impact of ayahuasca use or rather pre-use personality. In the study by Grob
and coworkers the authors also used the structured psychiatric interview
known as CIDI (Composite International Diagnostic Interview) and found
that 11 out of the 15 participants had a history of moderate to severe past
alcohol use. Five of them reported episodes of associated violent behavior
and a diagnosis of alcohol abuse disorder prior to their involvement with an
ayahuasca church. Four subjects also reported previous use of other drugs of
abuse, including cocaine and amphetamines, and 8 of the 11 subjects who
had a history of alcohol and other drug use and misuse were addicted to
nicotine at the time of their first ayahuasca session. According to the authors,
all these addiction problems resolved after they began their regular use of
ayahuasca. Ayahuasca participants did not meet diagnostic criteria either for
addiction or for any other psychiatric disorder at the moment of the
assessment.
A recent study on 32 regular ayahuasca users belonging to the Igreja do
Santo Daime in Oregon, USA, did not find psychiatric alterations as
measured by a series of rating scales and compared to normative US data. As
occurred in the study by Grob and colleagues[2], most of the ayahuasca users
had shown some psychiatric disorder or some drug or alcohol abuse disorder
in the past, which at the time of the assessment was not present. This was
interpreted again as a direct benefit of participating in the Santo Daime
ceremonies[18]. Since the subjects in this study were not compared with
matched non-users, the findings should be interpreted with caution.
Finally, two papers have been published regarding the long term
psychopathological and neuropsychological effects of regular ayahuasca in
adolescents. Each study involved 40 adolescents with a two-year history of
ayahuasca use, and a comparison group of 40 matched non-users. No
statistical differences were found in psychopathology scores[19] or in
measures of neuropsychological function[20]. In sum, while no deletereous
effects have been demonstrated, due to the small number of studies
conducted on regular ayahuasca users the potential impact of sustained
ayahuasca use on mental health remains an open question.