Fijn om te weten dat ik toestemming van je heb.
Ik doe het regelmatig om een lekkere afterglow te creeren. De dag erna erg brak en ruis voor ogen, that's all, zelfde geldt voor een aantal vrienden van me. Het is natuurlijk niet goed voor je en het kan ook anders lopen en ik raad het niemand aan, maar ik vind het een beetje vervelend hoe meningen soms gepresenteerd lijken te worden als zijnde onderzochte feiten. Zou het fijn vinden als je onderzoeken kan laten zien die aangeven dat je permanente schade oploopt na MDMA ge- of misbruik. Puur uit interesse, want ik heb zelf ook eens gezocht en niet echt wat gevonden. Kun je deze uitspraken met een bron onderbouwen?
Gman007 schreef:Herstelbare schade aan het brein duurt minimaal 1 of enkele maanden, tot op wel 2 jaar om te herstellen. Hopelijk heb je veel plezier elke maand.
Gman007 schreef:Het kan het wel waard zijn vanuit een kortetermijn-standpunt. Het is funest voor je hersenen als je naar de lange termijnkijkt..
Gman007 schreef: Like it or not, 2 dagen achter elkaar xtc is een verkrachting voor je brein
Zo ja, dan bied ik netjes mijn excuses aan.
Hier 2 onderzoeken over MDMA bij mensen die mijn standpunten onderbouwen, waarvan de laatste een meta-analyse.
Reneman, L., Booij, J., de Bruin, K., Reitsma, J.B., de Wolff, F. A., Gunning, W. B.,... & van den Brink, W. (2001). Effects of dose, sex, and long-term abstention from use on toxic effects of MDMA (ecstasy) on brain serotonin neurons. Lancet, 358, 1864–69.
Background 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMAor ecstasy) is a popular recreational drug that has been shown to damage brain serotonin neurons in high doses. However, effects of moderate MDMA use on serotonin neurons have not been studied, and sex differences and the long-term effects of MDMA use on serotonin neurons have not been identified. We investigated the effects of moderate and heavy MDMA use, sex differences, and long-term effects of MDMA use on serotonin neurons in different brain regions.
Methods By means of flyers posted in “rave” venues in Amsterdam, the Netherlands, we recruited 15 moderate MDMA users, 23 heavy MDMA users, 16 ex-MDMA users who had stopped using MDMA for more than 1 year, and 15 controls who claimed never to have used MDMA. We studied the effects of MDMA on brain serotonin neurons using123iodine-2_-carbomethoxy-3_-(4-iodophenyl) tropane ([123I]_-CIT)—a radioligand that binds with high affinity to serotonin transporters. Density of binding (expressed as a ratio of region-of-interest binding over binding in the cerebellum) was calculated by single-photon-emission computed tomography (SPECT).
Findings We saw significant effects of group and group by sex (p=0·041 and p=0·022, respectively) on overall [123I]_-CIT binding ratios. In heavy MDMA users, significant decreases in overall binding ratios were seen in women (p<0·01) but not men (p=0·587). In female ex-MDMA users, overall densities of serotonin transporters were significantly higher than in heavy MDMA users (p=0·004), but not higher than in controls (p=0·524).
Interpretation Our results indicate that heavy use of MDMA is associated with neurotoxic effects on serotonin neurons, that women might be more susceptible than men, and that MDMA-induced neurotoxic changes in several brain regions of female ex-MDMA users are reversible.
Gouzoulis-Mayfrank, E., & Daumann, J. (2005). Neurotoxicity of methylenedioxyamphetamines (MDMA; ecstasy) in humans: how strong is the evidence for persistent brain damage? Addiction, 101, 348–361.
Background The popular dance drug ecstasy (3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine: MDMA and some analogues) causes selective and persistent neurotoxic damage of central serotonergic neurones in laboratory animals. Serotonin plays a role in numerous functional systems in the central nervous system (CNS). Consequently, various abnormalities including psychiatric, vegetative, neuroendocrine and cognitive disorders could be expected in humans following MDMA-induced neurotoxic brain damage.
Aims In recent years, the question of ecstasy-induced neurotoxicity and possible functional sequelae has been addressed in several studies with drug users. The aim of this paper was to review this literature and weigh the strength of the evidence for persistent brain damage in ecstasy users.
Methods We used Medline to view all available publications on ‘ecstasy’ or ‘MDMA’. All available studies dealing with ecstasy users entered this analysis.
Findings and conclusions Despite large methodological problems the bulk of evidence suggests
residual alterations of serotonergic transmission in MDMA users, although restitution may occur after long-term abstinence. To date, the most consistent findings associate subtle cognitive, particularly memory, impairments with heavy ecstasy use. However, the evidence cannot be considered definite and the issues of possible pre-existing traits or the effects of polydrug use are not resolved.
Recommendations Questions about the neurotoxic effects of ecstasy on the brain remain highly
topical in light of its popularity among young people. More longitudinal and prospective studies are clearly needed in order to obtain a better understanding of the possible long-term sequelae of ecstasy use in humans.